About the introduction of the temperature difference battery

In 1821, Seebeck discovered that when two different metal conductors were connected into a closed circuit, if two of their contacts were placed in two environments with different temperatures, current would be generated in the circuit. This phenomenon is called the Seebeck effect. Such a circuit is called a thermocouple. In this case, the electromotive force that generates the current is called the thermoelectromotive force. For example, if the cold joint of iron and copper is 1 ° C and the hot joint is 100 ° C, a thermoelectric potential of 5.2 mV is generated.

The temperature difference battery made of semiconductor has a strong Seebeck effect, and thermal energy is converted into electricity.

The temperature difference battery can also be more efficient, so that a plurality of such batteries can be made into a thermoelectric stack as a low power source. Its working principle is that two ends of two different types of thermoelectric conversion materials, N-type and P-type semiconductors, are combined and placed in a high temperature state, and when the other end is opened and given a low temperature, since the thermal excitation at the high temperature end is strong, The hole and electron concentrations are also higher than the low temperature end. Under the carrier concentration gradient, holes and electrons diffuse toward the low temperature end, thereby forming a potential difference at the low temperature open end; if many pairs of P type and N type thermoelectrics are used The conversion materials are connected to form a module, and a sufficiently high voltage can be obtained to form a thermoelectric generator.

Thermoelectric technology research began in the 1940s and peaked in the 1960s, and successfully achieved long-term power generation on spacecraft. At that time, the Office of Space and Defense Power Systems of the US Department of Energy gave an appraisal that "thermoelectric power generation has been proven to be a reliable technology with low maintenance and long-term operation in extremely harsh environments." In recent years, thermoelectric generators have shown good application prospects not only in military and high-tech but also in civilian applications.

In the field of remote space exploration, people have been aiming farther into the farther planet since the middle of the last century, even in remote space outside the solar system. Solar cells in these environments are difficult to function, and the heat source is stable, compact, and reliable. A long-lived radioisotope thermoelectric system is an ideal choice. Because a coin-sized radioisotope heat source can provide more than 20 years of continuous electrical energy, which greatly reduces the load on the spacecraft. This technology has been in the Apollo lunar module, pioneers, pirates, Travelers, Galileo and Ulysses are used on spaceships.

In addition, according to the German "Science Pictorial" magazine, the new battery developed by a chip research and development company in Munich, Germany, is mainly composed of a silicon chip that can sense the temperature difference. When the temperature of the special silicon chip "feels" at a certain temperature difference from the temperature of the back surface, the internal electrons will have a directional flow, thereby generating a micro current. Wenner Weber, the scientist responsible for the development of the battery, said, "As long as there is a temperature difference of 5 °C between human skin and clothes, you can use this battery to provide enough energy for an ordinary watch."

Although thermoelectric power generation has many applications, it has long been limited by thermoelectric conversion efficiency and large cost, and the spread of thermoelectric technology to industrial and civilian industries is greatly restricted. Although the energy and environmental crisis has become increasingly prominent in recent years, and the development of a number of high-performance thermoelectric conversion materials has been successful, the research on thermoelectric technology has become a hot spot again, but the hope of breakthrough is the steady improvement of conversion efficiency. It is conceivable that after the temperature difference battery technology is mature, our mobile phone and laptop battery can use the temperature difference between the body and the outside world to generate electricity, and greatly extend the use time.

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